R

Introduction I was recently working on a PDF file with 60 odd pages and I had to crop the lower border of the pages. ImageMagick ImageMagick is GNU image editing program in Linux. Recently a package named magick has been created by rOpenSci. Steps of batch manipulation of PDF pages Loading PDF pages The PDF pages are loaded as vector of image object pdf <- image_read("path_file.pdf") We can access page i with

Introduction In this article, I will discuss about the bias introduced in estimation of coefficient of a given explanatory variable due to the presence of confounding factors. After that, I will try to demonstrate about the effect of variable collinearity on estimation of coefficient. Underlying structure Let us assume that we know about the underlying relationship between the explanatory variable (E), outcome variable (O), confounder ©, variable correlated with E (VE) and variable correlated with O (VO).